Albert Szent-Gyorgyi Kimdir

Albert Szent-Gyorgyi kimdir

Albert Szent-Gyorgyi biyografisi

Albert Szent-Gyorgyi hakkında bilgi

Albert Szent-Gyorgyi

RNA dünya hipotezi, RNA (ribonükleik asit) esaslı hayat şimdiki DNA (deoksiribonükleik asit) esaslı hayattan önce hüküm sürmüştür DNA gibi bilgi depolayabilen ve proteinler (enzimler) gibi tepkimeler kataliz eden RNA hücresel veya ön hücresel yaşamın kurulmasını sağlamış olabilir Günümüzde yaşamın kökeni hakkındaki bazı kuramlar RNA esaslı kataliz ve bilgi depolamayı hücrenin evrimindeki ilk aşama olarak sunuyorlar RNA esaslı dünyanın günümüzün DNA ve protein dünyasına evrildiği iddia ediliyorDNA, daha büyük kimyasal dengesi sayesinde, protein, amino asitlerin büyük çeşitliliği içinde kataliz yapma özelliği nedeniyle özelleşmiş katalitik molekül olurken, bilgi depolama görevini üstlendi RNA dünya hipotezi, günümüz hücrelerinde RNA’nın,özellikle (ribozomda protein üretimini katalize eden) rRNAnın, RNA dünyasının evriminin bir izi olduğunu savunmaktadır

Tarihçe

"RNA Dünyası" ifadesi ilk kez 1986’da, RNA’nın farklı biçimlerinin katalitik özelliklerine dair en son yapılan gözlemler hakkında yapılan bir açıklamada Nobel ödüllü Walter Gilbert tarafından yapıldı Ancak bağımsız RNA yaşamı fikri daha eskidir ve Carl Woese'un The Genetic Code “Genetik Kod” isimli isimli kitabında bulunabilir 1963’te moleküler biyolog Massachusetts Institute of Technology’den Alexander Rich, Albert Szent-Györgyi onuruna yayınlanan bir kitaba yazdığı makalede çok benzer bir görüşü savunmuştur

Albert Szent-Gyorgyi kimdir
Albert Szent-Gyorgyi kimdir Albert Szent-Gyorgyi biyografisi

Albert Szent-Gyorgyi hakkında bilgi

Albert Szent-Gyorgyi

Albert von Szent-Györgyi was born in Budapest on September 16, 1893, the son of Nicolaus von Szent-Györgyi, a great landed proprietor and Josefine, whose father, Joseph Lenhossék, and brother Michael were both Professors of Anatomy in the University of Budapest He matriculated in 1911 and entered his uncle's laboratory where he studied until the outbreak of World War I when he was mobilized He served on the Italian and Russian fronts, gaining the Silver Medal for Valour, and he was discharged in 1917 after being wounded in action He completed his studies in Budapest and then worked successively with the pharmacologist, G Mansfeld at Pozsony, with Armin von Tschermak at Prague, where he studied electrophysiology, and with L Michaelis in Berlin, before he went to Hamburg for a two-year course in physical chemistry at the Institute for Tropical Hygiene

In 1920 he became an assistant at the University Institute of Pharmocology in Leiden and from 1922 to 1926 he worked with H J Hamburger at the Physiology Institute, Groningen, The Netherlands In 1927 he went to Cambridge as a Rockefeller Fellow, working under F G Hopkins, and spent one year at the Mayo Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota, before returning to Cambridge In 1930 he obtained the Chair of Medical Chemistry at the University of Szeged and in 1935 he also took the Chair in Organic Chemistry At the end of World War II, he took the Chair of Medical Chemistry at Budapest and in 1947 he left Hungary to settle in the United States where he is Director of Research, Institute of Muscle Research, Woods Hole, Massachusetts

Szent-Györgyi's early researches at Groningen concerned the chemistry of cell respiration He described the interdependence of oxygen and hydrogen activation and made his first observations on co-dehydrases and the polyphenol oxidase systems of plants He also demonstrated the existence of a reducing substance in plant and animal tissues At Cambridge and during his early spell in the United States, he isolated from adrenals this reducing substance, which is now known as ascorbic acid Returning to Cambridge in 1929, he later described the pharmacological activity of the nucleotides with Drury

On his return to Hungary, he noted the anti-scorbutic activity of ascorbic acid and discovered that paprika (capsicum annuum) was a rich source of vitamin C His persistent studies of biological oxidation led to the recognition of the catalytic function of the C4-dicarboxylic acids, the discovery of «cytoflav» (flavin) and a recognition of the biological activity and probable vitamin nature of flavanone (vitamin P)

In 1938 he commenced work on muscle research and quickly discovered the proteins actin and myosin and their complex This led to a reproduction of the fundamental reaction of muscle contraction which formed the foundation of muscle research in the following decades The preservation of biological material in glycerine, which has had extensive application including agricultural use in the preservation of sperm, has resulted from his more recent work He has also developed the use of rabbit psoas muscle as an experimental material, published theories on the problems of energetics and investigated the regulation of growth and cell membrane potential, and the hormonal function of the thymus gland

Szent-Györgyi, a member of many scientifc societies, is a Past President of the Academy of Sciences, Budapest, and a Vice-President of the National Academy, Budapest He was Visiting Professor, Harvard University in 1936 and Franchi Professor, University of Liège, 1938 He received the Cameron Prize (Edinburgh) in 1946 and the Lasker Award in 1954 His many publications include Oxidation, Fermentation, Vitamins, Health and Disease (1939); Muscular Contraction (1947); The Nature of Life (1947); Contraction in Body and Heart Muscle (1953); and Bioenergetics (1957)

Szent-Györgyi married Cornelia Demény, daughter of the Hungarian Postmaster-General, in 1917 During the 1930's he was actively anti-Nazi and during World War II he became a Swedish citizen - he was given extensive help by the Swedish Embassy in Budapest In 1941, he married Màrta Borbiro, a co-worker at Woods Hole: they have one daughter

He is interested in sport of all kinds, his favourites being sailing and alpinism

From Nobel Lectures, Physiology or Medicine 1922-1941, Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 1965

This autobiography/biography was written at the time of the award and first published in the book series Les Prix Nobel It was later edited and republished in Nobel Lectures To cite this document, always state the source as shown above

Albert Szent-Györgyi died on October 22, 1986