Los Angeles (ingilizce)

LOS ANGELES

Short Facts

Location = Southern California, on Pacific Ocean, 350 miles (560 km) southeast of San Francisco
Population = City, 3,485,398; metropolitan area, 8,863,164
Area = 464 square miles (1,202 sq km), third largest in US
Climate = Temperature averages 575 F (14 C) in winter, 70 F (21 C) in summer; annual precipitation averages 126 inches (319 mm)
Government = Mayor and 15-member city council, all elected for 4-year terms

General Information

Los Angeles, in southern California, the second most populous city in the United StatesWe might consider Los Angeles and New York as İstanbul and WashingtonIt is a major center of manufacturing, commerce, finance, transportation, and ocean shipping, and is significant nationally and internationally in entertainment, film industry Its sunny climate which encourages a lot of outdoor activities all through the year, attracts new residents to the city and millions of tourists
From its beginning as a sleepy pueblo of only 44 people, Los Angeles has become an international metropolis Along with Paris and London, it is one of only three cities in the world to hold two Olympiads Now the first city of the American West, Los Angeles developed from a frontier town into a sprawling urban center This "new Ellis Island" has become a crossroad of immigration from all over the world A world-class center of power, it is often considered as a prototype of the city of the future Today it suffers from severe problems of pollution, racial friction, and unmanageability
Bounded on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean, Los Angeles is situated on a broad coastal plain broken by rows of low hills The plain slopes gently northward to the Verdugo Hills and toward the San Gabriel and Santa Monica mountains Other mountains enclose the city on the east Residential, business, and industrial settlements stretch in all directions from its downtown Civic Center
The search for an additional water supply, important for the growth of the city, prompted residents of adjoining towns and large unincorporated areas to vote for annexation to Los Angeles The annexation of the San Fernando Valley in 1915, which brought about 170 square miles (440 sq km) into the city limits, was the largest in its history Increasingly, farmlands devoted to fruit growing, market gardening, and livestock raising were sacrificed to metropolitan growth In order to permit development of the port of Los Angeles, the city boundaries were moved south through acquisition of a "shoestring" strip embracing the harbor communities of San Pedro and Wilmington, both of which were separate cities until 1909
Los Angeles is peopled by newcomers from all states of the Union The receptivity of the residents to the offbeat economic radicalism of Francis E Townsend and to religious exotics like Aimee Semple McPherson encouraged an atmosphere of impermanence not found in cities that grew less rapidly
The "LA" image came to feature movie and television stars, surfers, skiers, and sports enthusiasts But Los Angeles is maturing with San Francisco for cultural leadership in western America Its museums, an imposing Music Center, and a fine symphony orchestra have contributed to a new sense of pride More than 32 million people have come to that center since it first opened in 1964 It is the home of the Los Angeles Philharmonic, the Joffrey Ballet, and the Center Theater Group

Los Angeles, located on the Pacific coast of southern California, is the seat of Los Angeles County With 3,485,398 (1990) habitants, Los Angeles is the second most populous city in the United States, having overtaken Chicago for that position during the decade of the 1980s with a growth rate of 175% Metropolitan Los Angeles County, with a population of 8,863,164 (1990), stretches eastward for about 160 km (100 mi) to the San Gabriel Mountains and includes Long Beach, Pasadena, Santa Monica, Beverly Hills, and about 100 other independent cities

HİSTORY

General Look

The Spaniard Gaspar de Portoli camped near the site of Los Angeles in 1769 The settlement itself was founded in 1781 by Felipe de Neve, who named it El Pueblo de Nuestra Se–ora la Reina de los Angeles de Porciœncula (The Town of Our Lady, the Queen of the Angels of Porciœncula) US forces won the city in 1847 during the Mexican War and gained all of California in the same year The arrival of two railroadsÑthe Southern Pacific in 1876 and the Santa Fe in 1885Ñencouraged immigration Los Angeles's rapid growth continued into the 20th century, and the city's population tripled between 1900 and 1910 During World War II defense industries underwent great expansion The postwar years, however, confronted Los Angeles with the problems of older cities, epitomized by the Watts riot of 1965 (see race riots) Recession and defense-spending cutbacks in the late 1980s and early 1990s exacerbated the problems, as did a major earthquake (centered in Northridge) in 1994 Notwithstanding the 18-year tenure of a black mayor, Democrat Tom Bradley, Los Angeles exploded again in racial violence in 1992 following the acquittal of four white policemen charged in the beating of a black motorist (two were convicted in April 1993 when all were retried on federal civil rights charges) In June 1993, Richard Riordan, a white Republican businessman, was elected mayor He was reelected in 1997

All About The City

1People

The amazing growth of Los Angeles was linked to its location within the only Mediterranean climate zone in North America Angelenos (people living in LA) enjoy about 325 days of sunshine a year The nights are usually cool They never live winter which seems very cool but sometimes it must be boring living always the summer In the 1930's the climate attracted job hunters from depressed areas as well as retired citizens

a)population

By 1960, Los Angeles became the most populous county in the nation, surpassing Chicago's Cook county In 1990 the city's population consisted of 53% whites; 14% blacks, concentrated in the Watts district of southeastern Los Angeles; 10% Asians or Pacific Islanders; and a scant 04% Native Americans About 23% of the people identified themselves as being of "other race" Some 40% of Los Angeles residents are of Hispanic origin, a designation that does not indicate raceLos Angeles contains the largest Mexican (or Chicano) population of any city outside of Mexico City The city has a "Little Tokyo," where Japanese residents are concentrated "New Chinatown" is the center of the city's extensive Chinese community "Koreatown" runs along Olympic Boulevard

b)metropolitan area

Los Angeles and Long Beach are the central cities of a metropolitan area that includes numerous other incorporated municipalities The Los Angeles metropolitan area includes more than a dozen cities with 100,000 or more population, and more than two dozen in the 50,000 to 100,000 range Large unincorporated satellite communities also form part of the urban sprawlLos Angeles surrounds the cities of Beverly Hills and San Fernando as well as several unincorporated municipalities Pasadena, Burbank, and Glendale are among the best-known adjacent communities Hollywood is a district of the city of Los Angeles

2Economy

The Los Angeles area supports a highly diversified economy It is the leading manufacturing center west of the Mississippi River as well as an important financial, retail, and wholesale marketing center The port of Los AngelesLong Beach is one of the busiest in the nation

a)entertainment industry

While it employs only a small percentage of the labor force, the film industry has been the city's most publicized enterprise Although Hollywood continues to be a motion-picture center, television has changed the nature of the industry Local studios increasingly produce television films in Burbank and other San Fernando Valley locations

b)manufacturing

Los Angeles continues to provide significant employment to the national aerospace industry as well as in the fields of "high tech" electronics production, oil-field equipment, refrigeration machinery, heating and plumbing equipment, automobile tires and tubes, pumps and compressors, storage batteries, clothing, jewelry, and glass, concrete, and plaster products
The area is still a center for the assembly of automobiles and produces farm, construction, and mining machinery, conveyor equipment, milled wood products, newsprint, pottery and ceramics, chemicals, textiles, and nonferrous foundry products It also ranks high in oil refining, canning and preserving, printing and publishing, and in the production of furniture and fixtures, office supplies, scientific instruments, plastic products, structural clay, and soap

3Education and Culture

The elected seven-member Los Angeles board of education administers elementary, high school, and junior college school systems In addition, a county educational system serves areas greater than that of the city itselfWithin the extended Los AngelesLong Beach urbanized area, more than 12 million students attend public elementary and secondary schools Also, more than 200,000 pupils attend some 900 private schools in this same areaBy 1980 only 27% of the students in the city's schools were Caucasians Through the use of busing and other desegregation methods, massive attempts have been made to integrate the huge influx of foreign-born students into the city's schools, from the elementary through the senior high school years

a)higher education

Higher education is provided by the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), and state universities at Los Angeles, Northridge, and Long Beach Private colleges and universities within Los Angeles county include the University of Southern California, the California Institute of Technology, Loyola Marymount University, Occidental College, and Pepperdine University, all coeducational; Mount St Mary's College, an institution for women; and the Art Center School in Pasadena

c)museums

The Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History in Exposition Park has exhibits relating to California's early history and eth nological materials from many parts of the world The Southwest Museum contains collections of the art, handicrafts, and history of the American Indian The California Museum of Science and Industry features exhibits on the state's industry, agriculture, and natural resources
The Los Angeles County Museum of Art, erected in 1965, has collections of Western, Oriental, Greek, and Roman art
The Henry E Huntington Library and Art Gallery in San Marino houses rare books and manuscripts, with collections of scholarly research materials on British and American history and literature The art collection includes paintings by English artists, among them Thomas Gainsborough's Blue Boy In nearby Pasadena the Norton Simon Museum contains paintings and sculpture from the Pre-Raphaelite period to early modern times The J Paul Getty Museum in Malibu, housed in a replica of a Roman villa, is funded by an exceptionally large endowment Its collection of paintings, statuary, and furnishings is constantly expanding as new purchases are made Other galleries include a Municipal Art Gallery in Barnsdall Park, designed by Frank Lloyd Wright, the Museum of Contemporary Art, and the Los Angeles Institute of Contemporary Art

d)performing arts

The metropolitan area has a number of community orchestras, little theater groups, chamber music societies, and ballet and opera companies The Los Angeles Philharmonic, one of the nation's outstanding orchestras, offers outdoor summer concerts in the Hollywood Bowl "Symphony Under the Stars" series Resident conductors have included Zubin Mehta, Carlo Maria Giulini, and André Previn Pasadena, Glendale, and Long Beach all support symphonic groups, and the Los Angeles Chamber Orchestra is still another local musical organization Downtown, the Mark Taper Forum and Ahmanson theaters regularly present dramatic productions in the music center complex As in the days of Sigmund Romberg and George Gershwin, Los Angeles continues to be a point of origin for musicals and plays

e)comunications

Only two Los Angeles newspapers are dailies, with the Times dominating the field The city has numerous radio stations and numerous television channels, some of which originate national programming

4Government

The widespread Los Angeles area presents complex problems of administration The metropolitan region comprises a hodgepodge of incorporated communities, each with its own laws and municipal government, as well as numerous unincorporated areas controlled by the county

a)city government

Incorporated as a city on April 4, 1850, Los Angeles has a mayor, city attorney, controller, and a city councilall elected The mayor is responsible for law enforcement, appointment of most city officers, and supervision of city departments The city council is responsible for the budget, taxes, public improvements, and civil employees Virtually autonomous city departments are authorized by charter to obtain revenues These departments have jurisdiction over recreation and parks, water and power, the harbor, and airports Los Angeles' municipal electric-power system is the largest in the United States

5Places of İnterest

At one time promoters in southern California playfully promised tourists that they could barter with Escrow Indians and pick fruit off Joshua trees If these activities were impossible, other recreational opportunities in and around Los Angeles can still be summarized in the teasing slogan "Ski, pick an orange, and swim in the ocean on the same day" Forests, beaches, deserts, and mountains surround the city, and the variety of places of tourist interest in the Los Angeles area is hard to exaggerate

a)hollywood

The first motion-picture concern was established in this community in 1911, and in time Hollywood became the motion-picture capital of the world It is still the headquarters of major film companies, and some film and television actors live in the nearby communities of Beverly Hills and Bel Air Television firms have, however, moved their studios to Burbank, Studio City, and Universal City
Hollywood Bowl, site of the city's Easter sunrise service and open-air concerts, occupies a natural amphitheater framed by chaparral-covered hills It accommodates 30,000 persons The sound shell was designed by Frank Lloyd Wright

b)sports and spectacles

The Los Angeles Dodgers of baseball's National League play at Dodger Stadium in Chavez Ravine The California Angels of the American League are at Anaheim Stadium Represented in the National Football League are the L A Rams, at Anaheim, and the L A Raiders, at the Memorial Coliseum In the National Basketball Association the L A Lakers play at the Forum, and the L A Clippers at the Memorial Sports Arena The L A Kings of the National Hockey League play at the Forum

c)other attractions

Mann's Chinese Theater, where new films were once previewed, remains a tourist attraction A few blocks northwest of Olvera Street is the New Chinatown that sprang up after the old Chinatown was torn down to make room for the Union Passenger Terminal The Farmers' Market, at Third Street and Fairfax Avenue, has shops displaying domestic and foreign products, including quality foods of many kinds
Other points of interest in the Los Angeles area include the glass-lined oceanarium at Palos Verdes and the observatory on Mount Wilson near Pasadena In the years before atmospheric pollution its 100-inch (2,540-mm) telescope dominated intergalactic astronomy Disneyland, in Anaheim, southeast of Los Angeles, is one of the biggest tourist attractions in the nation Santa Catalina Island, an ocean resort, is reached by boat or plane from Los Angeles harbor Located in the harbor are the ocean liner Queen Mary and Howard Hughes' flying boat the Spruce Goose

6Weather

Numerous geologic faults cause periodic tremors, and the strong, dry Santa Ana winds pose the threat of fires spreading into the brush-covered hills around the city The climate of Los Angeles is Mediterranean, with long, dry summers and rain from occasional winter storms Annual precipitation averages 305 mm (12 in) Temperatures vary greatly between the milder coastal areas and the interior In summer, cool sea air drawn in under hotter air creates a temperature inversion, trapping air pollutants from industry and the huge number of automobiles, and causing smogAbout 25% of the city's water needs are supplied from local wells; the remainder is piped in through aqueducts from the Owens River and the Sierra Nevada, from the Colorado River across the desert from the east, and from the Feather River in northern California

General Information About California

California, a state of the far-western United States, is widely known for its great natural beauty, its highly productive farms and factories, and its innovative social and political ideas The state has an area larger than that of Germany Its many cities include Los Angeles, a major center of the entertainment and aerospace industries as well as a noted financial center, and San Francisco, also a sophisticated financial center Often depicted as a fabulous land of opportunity, the state has lured millions of migrants since the mid-19th century, when gold was discovered there, and by the late 1970s it was the nation's most populous state California is bordered by Oregon in the north, by Nevada and Arizona in the east, by Mexico in the south, and by the Pacific Ocean in the west The state is named after a fictional island of great wealth described in a novel (published about 1500) by the Spanish writer Garc’ Ord—–ez de Montalvo; the name was probably first applied (early 16th century) to the southern tip of Baja California by the Spanish explorer Hernin Cortes

The Map Of California

The Map Of Los angeles