Büyük Patlama Notlar Ve Referanslar

**Prof. Dr. Sinsi** · 08-20-2012

Notlar ve referanslar

* a b c d "Big-bang model

" EncyclopÃ¦dia Britannica

Ultimate Reference Suite

Chicago: EncyclopÃ¦dia Britannica, 2008

* a b c Scientific modelling
* Lematre, G

(1927)

"Un univers homogÃ¨ne de masse constante et de rayon croissant rendant compte de la vitesse radiale des nebuleuses extragalactiques"

Annals of the Scientific Society of Brussels 47A: 41

(French) (Translated in: "A Homogeneous Universe of Constant Mass and Growing Radius Accounting for the Radial Velocity of Extragalactic Nebulae"

Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 91: 483-490

1931

Expansion of the universe,Lematre) Lematre, G

(1931)

"The Evolution of the Universe: Discussion"

Nature 128: 699-701

doi: 10

1038/128704a0

* E

Britannica/big-bang-model
* Alpher, R

A

; Bethe, H

; Gamow, G

(1948)

"The Origin of Chemical Elements"

Physical Review 73: 803

doi: 10

1103/PhysRev

73

803 Gamow
* Hubble, Edwin (1929)

"A relation between distance and radial velocity among extra-galactic nebulae"

PNAS 15: 168-173

doi:0

1073/pnas

15

3

168 (inactive 2008-10-14)

http://antwrp

gsfc

nasa

gov/debate/1996/hub_1929

html

* Nucleosynthesis
* BBC News - 'Big bang' astronomer dies
* Foundations of the Big Bang Model,Cosmological principle
* a b c d Isotrope
* Hoyle, F

(1948)

"A New Model for the Expanding Universe"

Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 108: 372

Hoyle
* Friedmann equations
* Penzias, A

A

; Wilson, R

W

(1965)

"A Measurement of Excess Antenna Temperature at 4080 Mc/s"

Astrophysical Journal 142: 419

doi: 10

1086/148307

Penzias/Wilson
* Elektromanyetik tayfın, gözle görülebilen, dalga boyu 400 nm (mor) ila 750 nm (portakal rengi) arasında değişen kısmı
* Very Large Telescope
* Keck Observatory
* Subaru Telescope
* Raghunathan Srianand, Patrick Petitjean &amp; Cedric Ledoux, The microwave background temperature at the redshift of 2

33771, Nature, 408, 931 (2000), astro-ph/0012222 Voir en ligne

* After 300,000 years, nuclei began to capture electrons and form the first atoms

This cosmic microwave map reveals what the Universe was like after 380,000 years

The red and yellow areas are slightly warmer than the blue and green ones and are a sign that matter was clumping

http://www

infoplease

com/dk/science/encyclopedia/big-bang

html (6) When the cosmic microwave background radiation was emitted during atom formation 300,000 years after the Big Bang, its temperature was several thousand degrees and the light was in the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum

As the Universe expanded, it cooled and the visible light first became infrared radiation then microwaves

The temperature of the Universe now is a frigid 2

725 degrees about absolute zero

(7) During the period in which atoms were forming and earlier, the Universe was opaque in the sense that light could not travel any appreciable distance

It was as though the Universe was "in a fog

" At 380,000 years, recombination was essentially completed: Each proton had paired up with an electron to form a hydrogen atom

Light was liberated

The Universe cleared and the cosmic background radiation has traveled undisturbed ever since

When WMAP makes its measurements, it captures some of the radiation that has been traveling uninterrupted for almost 14 billion years

http://www

jupiterscientific

org/sciinfo/ncupdate

html After most leptons and anti-leptons are annihilated at the end of the lepton epoch the energy of the universe is dominated by photons

These photons are still interacting frequently with charged protons, electrons and (eventually) nuclei, and continue to do so for the next 300,000 years

http://www

wikinfo

org/index

php/Timeline_of_the_Universe http://map

gsfc

nasa

gov/media/080998/index

html
* http://map

gsfc

nasa

gov/media/080998/index

html
* Ã?nergie de masse
* Baryogenesis
* equilibre thermique
* La presence de ces neutrinos influe sur le taux d'expansion de l'univers (voir equations de Friedmann), et par suite sur la vitesse Ã* laquelle l'univers se refroidit, et donc sur la duree de la nucleosynthÃ¨se, qui elle-mÃªme determine en partie l'abondance des elements qui sont synthetises pendant celle-ci

* Voir par exemple (İngilizce) Leo Stodolsky, Some neutrino events of the 21st century, in Neutrino astrophysics, comptes rendus du quatriÃ¨me atelier SFB-375, chateau de Ringberg, Allemagne, 20-24 octobre 1997, page 178-181, astro-ph/9801320 Voir en ligne

* Si tel n'etait pas le cas, un trÃ¨s fort rayonnement gamma serait emis du voisinage des regions oÃ¹ matiÃ¨re et antimatiÃ¨re coexisteraient

Un tel rayonnement n'est pas observe

* Kolb and Turner (1988), chapter 6
* Guth, A

H

(1998)

The Inflationary Universe: Quest for a New Theory of Cosmic Origins

Vintage Books

ISBN 978-0-09-995950-2

* a b c Anisotropy
* Fine-tuning
* Courbure spatiale
* Örneğin Planck uzunluğu adıyla bilinen, en küçük uzunluğa yaklaşıldıkça uzay-zamanın tümsek ve çukurlukları artar ve iki nokta arasındaki uzaklık" kavramının hiç bir anlamı kalmaz

* Flatness problem
* Magnetic monopole
* Bu çözümde "scalar field" terimi yerine, aynı anlamda "inflation" (şişme, şişkinleşme) terimi kullanılmıştır

İlgili bilimsel makaleler
* Scalar field
* ModÃ¨le standard
* Weyl curvature hypothesis
* Penrose, R

(1979)

"Singularities and Time-Asymmetry"

Hawking, S

W

(ed); Israel, W

(ed) General Relativity: An Einstein Centenary Survey: 581-638, Cambridge University Press

Penrose, R

(1989)

"Difficulties with Inflationary Cosmology"

Fergus, E

J

(ed) Proceedings of the 14th Texas Symposium on Relativistic Astrophysics: 249-264, New York Academy of Sciences

doi: 10

1111/j

1749-6632

1989

tb50513

x

, 2
* Spectre de Harrison-Zel'dovich
* Sloan Digital Sky Survey
* Keel, B

"Dark Matter"

Retrieved on 2007-05-28

* Yao, W

M

, et al

(2006)

"Review of Particle Physics"

Journal of Physics G 33: 1-1232

doi: 10

1088/0954-3899/33/1/001

Chapter 22: Dark matterPDF (152 KB)

* Five-Year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) Observations: Data Processing, Sky Maps, and Basic Results" (PDF)

The Astrophysical Journal

* Lambda-CDM model
* Lematre böylece "kuantum kozmolojisi"nin temellerini de atmış bulunuyordu
* Lematre, G

(1931)

"The Evolution of the Universe: Discussion"

Nature 128: 699-701

doi: 10

1038/128704a0

* Braneworld
* Brane
* Ekpyrotic
* Voir par exemple Georges Lematre: el padre del big-bang

* Hugh Ross, The Creator and the Cosmos: How Greatest Scientific Discoveries of The Century Reveal God, Colorado: NavPress, revised edition, 1995, s

76
* Theorie de l'etat quasi-stationnaire
* Voir la liste des publications sur le sujet

* Voir par exemple l'ensemble des articles de cosmologie bases sur les resultats de COBE 1, WMAP 23, ou SDSS 4567
* Pioneer anomalisi hariç tutulursa
* Critical density
* Big Crunch
* Kolb and Turner (1988), chapter 3
* Big Freeze
* Caldwell, R

R; Kamionkowski, M

; Weinberg, N

N

(2003)

"Phantom Energy and Cosmic Doomsday"

Physical Review Letters 91: 071301

doi:10

1103/PhysRevLett

91

071301

arÎ§iv:arÎ§iv

* Big Rip
* Hawking, S

W

(1973)

The Large Scale Structure of Space-Time

Cambridge (UK): Cambridge University Press

ISBN 0-521-09906-4

* Hartle, J

H

; Hawking, S

W

(1983)

"Wave Function of the Universe"

Physical Review D 28: 2960

doi:10

1088/1126-6708/2005/09/063

* Langlois, D

(2002)

Brane Cosmology: An Introduction

arÎ§iv:hep-th/0209261

* Linde, A

(2002)

Inflationary Theory versus Ekpyrotic/Cyclic Scenario

arÎ§iv:hep-th/0205259

* Than, K

(2006)

"Recycled Universe: Theory Could Solve Cosmic Mystery"

Space

com

* Kennedy, B

K

(2007)

"Retrieved on 3 July 2007 What Happened Before the Big Bang?"

Retrieved on 2007-07-03

* Linde, A

(1986)

"Eternal Chaotic Inflation"

Modern Physics Letters A1: 81

* Linde, A

(1986)

"Eternally Existing Self-Reproducing Chaotic Inflationary Universe"

Physics Letters B175: 395-400

* Kragh, H

(1996)

Cosmology and Controversy

Princeton (NJ): Princeton University Press

ISBN 0-691-02623-8

Kaynak : Wikipedia

08-20-2012	#1
Prof. Dr. Sinsi	Büyük Patlama Notlar Ve Referanslar Notlar ve referanslar * a b c d "Big-bang model" EncyclopÃ¦dia Britannica Ultimate Reference Suite Chicago: EncyclopÃ¦dia Britannica, 2008 * a b c Scientific modelling * Lematre, G (1927) "Un univers homogÃ¨ne de masse constante et de rayon croissant rendant compte de la vitesse radiale des nebuleuses extragalactiques" Annals of the Scientific Society of Brussels 47A: 41 (French) (Translated in: "A Homogeneous Universe of Constant Mass and Growing Radius Accounting for the Radial Velocity of Extragalactic Nebulae" Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 91: 483-490 1931 Expansion of the universe,Lematre) Lematre, G (1931) "The Evolution of the Universe: Discussion" Nature 128: 699-701 doi: 101038/128704a0 * E Britannica/big-bang-model * Alpher, RA; Bethe, H; Gamow, G (1948) "The Origin of Chemical Elements" Physical Review 73: 803 doi: 101103/PhysRev73803 Gamow * Hubble, Edwin (1929) "A relation between distance and radial velocity among extra-galactic nebulae" PNAS 15: 168-173 doi:01073/pnas153168 (inactive 2008-10-14) http://antwrpgsfcnasagov/debate/1996/hub_1929html * Nucleosynthesis * BBC News - 'Big bang' astronomer dies * Foundations of the Big Bang Model,Cosmological principle * a b c d Isotrope * Hoyle, F (1948) "A New Model for the Expanding Universe" Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 108: 372 Hoyle * Friedmann equations * Penzias, AA; Wilson, RW (1965) "A Measurement of Excess Antenna Temperature at 4080 Mc/s" Astrophysical Journal 142: 419 doi: 101086/148307 Penzias/Wilson * Elektromanyetik tayfın, gözle görülebilen, dalga boyu 400 nm (mor) ila 750 nm (portakal rengi) arasında değişen kısmı * Very Large Telescope * Keck Observatory * Subaru Telescope * Raghunathan Srianand, Patrick Petitjean &amp; Cedric Ledoux, The microwave background temperature at the redshift of 233771, Nature, 408, 931 (2000), astro-ph/0012222 Voir en ligne * After 300,000 years, nuclei began to capture electrons and form the first atoms This cosmic microwave map reveals what the Universe was like after 380,000 years The red and yellow areas are slightly warmer than the blue and green ones and are a sign that matter was clumpinghttp://wwwinfopleasecom/dk/science/encyclopedia/big-banghtml (6) When the cosmic microwave background radiation was emitted during atom formation 300,000 years after the Big Bang, its temperature was several thousand degrees and the light was in the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum As the Universe expanded, it cooled and the visible light first became infrared radiation then microwaves The temperature of the Universe now is a frigid 2725 degrees about absolute zero (7) During the period in which atoms were forming and earlier, the Universe was opaque in the sense that light could not travel any appreciable distance It was as though the Universe was "in a fog" At 380,000 years, recombination was essentially completed: Each proton had paired up with an electron to form a hydrogen atom Light was liberated The Universe cleared and the cosmic background radiation has traveled undisturbed ever since When WMAP makes its measurements, it captures some of the radiation that has been traveling uninterrupted for almost 14 billion years http://wwwjupiterscientificorg/sciinfo/ncupdatehtml After most leptons and anti-leptons are annihilated at the end of the lepton epoch the energy of the universe is dominated by photons These photons are still interacting frequently with charged protons, electrons and (eventually) nuclei, and continue to do so for the next 300,000 years http://wwwwikinfoorg/indexphp/Timeline_of_the_Universe http://mapgsfcnasagov/media/080998/indexhtml * http://mapgsfcnasagov/media/080998/indexhtml * Ã?nergie de masse * Baryogenesis * equilibre thermique * La presence de ces neutrinos influe sur le taux d'expansion de l'univers (voir equations de Friedmann), et par suite sur la vitesse Ã* laquelle l'univers se refroidit, et donc sur la duree de la nucleosynthÃ¨se, qui elle-mÃªme determine en partie l'abondance des elements qui sont synthetises pendant celle-ci * Voir par exemple (İngilizce) Leo Stodolsky, Some neutrino events of the 21st century, in Neutrino astrophysics, comptes rendus du quatriÃ¨me atelier SFB-375, chateau de Ringberg, Allemagne, 20-24 octobre 1997, page 178-181, astro-ph/9801320 Voir en ligne * Si tel n'etait pas le cas, un trÃ¨s fort rayonnement gamma serait emis du voisinage des regions oÃ¹ matiÃ¨re et antimatiÃ¨re coexisteraient Un tel rayonnement n'est pas observe * Kolb and Turner (1988), chapter 6 * Guth, AH (1998) The Inflationary Universe: Quest for a New Theory of Cosmic Origins Vintage Books ISBN 978-0-09-995950-2 * a b c Anisotropy * Fine-tuning * Courbure spatiale * Örneğin Planck uzunluğu adıyla bilinen, en küçük uzunluğa yaklaşıldıkça uzay-zamanın tümsek ve çukurlukları artar ve iki nokta arasındaki uzaklık" kavramının hiç bir anlamı kalmaz * Flatness problem * Magnetic monopole * Bu çözümde "scalar field" terimi yerine, aynı anlamda "inflation" (şişme, şişkinleşme) terimi kullanılmıştırİlgili bilimsel makaleler * Scalar field * ModÃ¨le standard * Weyl curvature hypothesis * Penrose, R (1979) "Singularities and Time-Asymmetry" Hawking, SW (ed); Israel, W (ed) General Relativity: An Einstein Centenary Survey: 581-638, Cambridge University Press Penrose, R (1989) "Difficulties with Inflationary Cosmology" Fergus, EJ (ed) Proceedings of the 14th Texas Symposium on Relativistic Astrophysics: 249-264, New York Academy of Sciences doi: 101111/j1749-66321989tb50513x, 2 * Spectre de Harrison-Zel'dovich * Sloan Digital Sky Survey * Keel, B "Dark Matter" Retrieved on 2007-05-28 * Yao, WM, et al (2006) "Review of Particle Physics"Journal of Physics G 33: 1-1232 doi: 101088/0954-3899/33/1/001 Chapter 22: Dark matterPDF (152 KB) * Five-Year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) Observations: Data Processing, Sky Maps, and Basic Results" (PDF) The Astrophysical Journal * Lambda-CDM model * Lematre böylece "kuantum kozmolojisi"nin temellerini de atmış bulunuyordu * Lematre, G (1931) "The Evolution of the Universe: Discussion" Nature 128: 699-701 doi: 101038/128704a0 * Braneworld * Brane * Ekpyrotic * Voir par exemple Georges Lematre: el padre del big-bang * Hugh Ross, The Creator and the Cosmos: How Greatest Scientific Discoveries of The Century Reveal God, Colorado: NavPress, revised edition, 1995, s 76 * Theorie de l'etat quasi-stationnaire * Voir la liste des publications sur le sujet * Voir par exemple l'ensemble des articles de cosmologie bases sur les resultats de COBE 1, WMAP 23, ou SDSS 4567 * Pioneer anomalisi hariç tutulursa * Critical density * Big Crunch * Kolb and Turner (1988), chapter 3 * Big Freeze * Caldwell, RR; Kamionkowski, M; Weinberg, NN (2003) "Phantom Energy and Cosmic Doomsday" Physical Review Letters 91: 071301 doi:101103/PhysRevLett91071301 arÎ§iv:arÎ§iv * Big Rip * Hawking, SW (1973) The Large Scale Structure of Space-Time Cambridge (UK): Cambridge University Press ISBN 0-521-09906-4 * Hartle, JH; Hawking, SW (1983) "Wave Function of the Universe" Physical Review D 28: 2960 doi:101088/1126-6708/2005/09/063 * Langlois, D (2002) Brane Cosmology: An Introduction arÎ§iv:hep-th/0209261 * Linde, A (2002) Inflationary Theory versus Ekpyrotic/Cyclic Scenario arÎ§iv:hep-th/0205259 * Than, K (2006) "Recycled Universe: Theory Could Solve Cosmic Mystery" Spacecom * Kennedy, BK (2007) "Retrieved on 3 July 2007 What Happened Before the Big Bang?" Retrieved on 2007-07-03 * Linde, A (1986) "Eternal Chaotic Inflation" Modern Physics Letters A1: 81 * Linde, A (1986) "Eternally Existing Self-Reproducing Chaotic Inflationary Universe" Physics Letters B175: 395-400 * Kragh, H (1996) Cosmology and Controversy Princeton (NJ): Princeton University Press ISBN 0-691-02623-8 Kaynak : Wikipedia