İsimlerin Çoğul Halleri

PLURAL FORMS OF NOUNS
(İSİMLERİN ÇOĞUL HALLERİ)

a)Çoğu isimin sonuna –s & -es takıları getirilir

Singular Plural :
boat - boats
hat - hats
house - houses
river - rivers

b) Eğer bir ismin son sesi sessiz harf + y den oluşuyorsa, - ies ismin sonuna eklenir:

Singular Plural
a cry - cries
a fly - flies
a nappy - nappies
a poppy - poppies
a city - cities
a lady - ladies
a baby - babies


c) çoğul halleri düzensiz olan İsmler: TEKİL ÇOĞUL woman women man men child children tooth teeth foot feetpersonpeopleleaf leaves half halvesknifeknives wifewives life livesloafloaves potatopotatoes cactuscacti focusfoci fungus fungi nucleus nuclei syllabussyllabi/syllabuses analysisanalysesdiagnosisdiagnoses oasisoases thesistheses crisiscrisesphenomenon phenomenacriterioncriteria datum data

d) bazı isimlerin hem tekil hemde çoğul halleri aynıdır:

Singular - Plural
sheep - sheep
fish - fish
species - species
aircraft - aircraft


e) bazı isimler hep çoğul biçimde kullanılır ve çoğul fil alırlar:

trousers : My trousers are too tight
jeans: Her jeans are black
glasses : Those glasses are his

savings, thanks, steps, stair, customs, congratulations, tropics, wages, spectacles, outskirts, goods, wits

DÜZENLİ & DÜZENSİZ İSİMLERİN ÇOĞUL HALLERİ
b) box – boxes church – churches
brush – brushes class - classes
buzz - buzzes
Final –es is added to nouns that end in –ch, -sh, -ss, and -z
c) baby – babies party – parties
city – cities poppy – poppies
Words ending in consonant + y take –ies as a plural suffix
d) man - Men
Foot- feet
Ox – oxen
Tooth – teeth
These nouns have irregular forms, so there is no specific rule
Woman -
women
Mouse -
Mice
Child -
Children
Goose -
Geese
e) echo – echoes potato – potatoes
hero – heroes tomato – tomatoes
Some nouns ending in –o take final ­–es
f) auto- autos photo- photos studio – studios
ghetto-ghettos piano- pianos tattoo- tattoos
kilo- kilos radio –radios video – videos
memo-memos solo- solos zoo- zoos
soprano – sopranos
kangaroo- kangaroos

Only the final –s is added to some nouns ending in – o

g) memento – mementoes/ mementos
volcano- volcanoes/ volcanos
zero – zeroes/ zeros
mosquito- mosquitoes/ mosquitos
tornado – tornadoes/ tornados

It is possible to add –es or –s to nouns in this category
h) calf –calves life – lives thief- thieves
half – halves loaf- loaves wolf – wolves
knife- knives self- selves scarf – scarves
shelf – shelves
Some nouns that end in –f or fe are changed to – ves to form the plural
i) belief – beliefs cliff- cliffs
chief – chiefs roof – roofs
Some nouns ending in –f are not changed and simply – s is added to form the plural
j) deer – deer series – series means - means
fish - fish sheep – sheep shrimp – shrimp
offspring- offspring
species – species

Some nouns have the same singular and plural form

k) criterion – criteria phenomenon- phenomena

l) cactus – cacti/ cactuses nucleus – nuclei
fungus- fungi stimulus – stimuli
syllabus- syllabi/ syllabuses

m) formula – formulae/ formulas
vertebra – vertebrae

n) appendix – appendices/ appendixes
index- indices/ indexes

o) analysis – analyses basis – bases
crisis – crises hypothesis- hypotheses
oasis – oases thesis- theses
parenthesis – parentheses

p) bacterium – bacteria curriculum – curricula
datum – data medium – media
memorandum – memoranda

Some nouns that English has borrowed from other languages have foreign plurals


Some nouns have the same singular and plural form

k) criterion – criteria phenomenon- phenomena

l) cactus – cacti/ cactuses nucleus – nuclei
fungus- fungi stimulus – stimuli
syllabus- syllabi/ syllabuses

m) formula – formulae/ formulas
vertebra – vertebrae

n) appendix – appendices/ appendixes
index- indices/ indexes

o) analysis – analyses basis – bases
crisis – crises hypothesis- hypotheses
oasis – oases thesis- theses
parenthesis – parentheses

p) bacterium – bacteria curriculum – curricula
datum – data medium – media
memorandum – memoranda
Some nouns that English has borrowed from other languages have foreign plurals