Diyarbakır Hakkında İngilizce Bilgi

**Prof. Dr. Sinsi** · 10-14-2012

Diyarbakır hakkında ingilizce bilgi

Diyarbakır is a major city in the Southeast of the Republic of Turkey

Situated on the banks of the River Tigris, it is the seat of Diyarbakır Province, and has a population of 545,000

It is the second largest city in Turkey’s South-eastern Anatolia region, after Gaziantep

Within Turkey, Diyarbakır is famed for its culture, folklore, and watermelons

Diyarbakır has a large Kurdish population, and is sometimes referred to as the “unofficial capital” of the regions ethnic Kurds

According to some scholars, the modern name “Diyarbakır” derives from “Diyârbekir”, an Ottoman Turkish Language rendering of the Persian compound “Diyâr-i Bekr” (“Land of the Bekr”), itself composed of the word “diyār” (ديار), which is Arabic for either “region” or “district”, followed by ” Bekr ” (بکر), it probably denoted the landholdings of the Arab Bekr tribe (which had settled in the area following the Islamic conquest of the 7th Century)

In an analysis by the Kurdish scholar Mehrdad Izady of the Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations at Harvard University, the name Bakir is derived from the toponym Bagraoandene and is related to the Bagrawands or Bakrans tribal Kurdish names

At various times the previous name Amid was written as Amida, and Kara Amid

History

Antiquity

Amid(a) was the capital of the Aramean kingdom Bet-Zamani from the 13th century B

C

onwards

Amid is the name used in the Syriac sources, which also testifies to the fact that it once was the seat of the Church of the East Patriarch and thus an Assyrian or Syriac stronghold that produced many famous Syriac theologians and Patriarchs; some of them found their final resting place in the St

Mary Church

There are many relics in the Church, such as the bones of the apostle Thomas and St

Jacob of Sarug (d

521)

The city was called Amida when the region was under the rule of the Roman (from 66 BC) and the succeeding Byzantine Empires

From 189 BC to 384, the area to the east and south of present-day Diyarbakır, was ruled by a Kurdish kingdom known as Corduene

In 359, Shapur II of Persia captured Amida after a siege of seventy-three days

The Roman soldiers and a large part of the population of the town were massacred by the Persians

The heroic siege is vividly described by Roman historian Ammianus Marcellinus who was an eyewitness of the event and survived the massacre by escaping from the town

Armenian historians at one time hypothesized that Diyarbekir was the site of the ancient Armenian city of Tigranakert, (pronounced Dikranagerd in the Western Armenian dialect) and by the 19th century the Armenian inhabitants were referring to the city as Dikranagerd

Scholarly research has shown that while the ancient Armenian city was in the close vicinity, it in fact is not the same place

The real location of Dikranagerd remains debated, but Armenians who trace their ancestry to Diyarbekir continue to refer to themselves as “Dikranagerdtsi” (native of Dikranagerd

) The “Dikranagerdtsi’s” or Armenians of Diyarbekir were noted for having one of the most unusual dialects of Armenian, hard to understand for a speaker of standard Armenian

The Middle Ages

In 639 the city was captured by the Arab armies of Islam and it remained in Arab hands until the Kurdish dynasty of Marwanid ruled the area during the 10th and 11th centuries

After the Battle of Manzikert in 1085, the city came under the rule of the Mardin branch of Oghuz Turks and then the Anatolian Turkish Beylik of Artuklu (circa 1100-1250 in effective terms, although almost a century longer nominally)

The whole area was then disputed between the Ilkhanate Turks and Ayyubid Kurdish dynasties for a century after which it was taken over by the rising Turkmen states of Kara Koyunlu (the Black Sheep) first and Ak Koyunlu (the White Sheep)

The Ottoman Empire

The city became part of the Ottoman Empire during Sultan Süleyman I’s campaign of Irakeyn (the two Iraqs, e

g

Arabian and Persian) in 1534

The Ottoman eyalet of Diyarbekir corresponded to Turkey’s southeastern provinces today, a rectangular area between the Lake Urmia to Palu and from the southern shores of Lake Van to Cizre and the beginnings of the Syrian desert, although its borders saw some changes over time

The city was an important military base for controlling this area and at the same time a thriving city noted for its craftsmen, producing glass and metalwork

For example the doors of Mevlana’s tomb in Konya were made in Diyarbakır, as were the gold and silver decorated doors of the tomb of Imam-i Azam in Baghdad

In the 19th century, Diyarbakır prison had gained infamy throughout the Ottoman Empire as a site where political prisoners from the enslaved Balkan ethnicities were sent to serve harsh sentences for speaking or fighting for national freedom

The 20th century

The 20th century was a turbulent one for Diyarbakır

During World War I most of the city’s Syriac and Armenian population was driven from the city

After the surrender of the Ottoman Empire, French troops attempted to occupy the city

The 41-year-old American-Turkish Pirinçlik Air Force Base near Diyarbakir, known as NATO’s frontier post for monitoring the former Soviet Union and the Middle East, completely closed on 30 September 1997

This return was the result of the general drawdown of US bases in Europe and improvement in space surveillance technology

The base near the southeastern city of Diyarbakir housed sensitive electronic intelligence-gathering systems that kept an ear on the Middle East, Caucasus and Russia

Diyarbakır today

During the recent conflict, the population of the city grew dramatically as villagers from remote areas where fighting was serious left or were forced to leave for the relative security of the city

Rural to urban movement has often been the first step in a migratory pattern that has taken large numbers of Kurds from the east to the west

Diyarbakır, grew from 30,000 in the 1930s to 65,000 by 1956, to 140,000 by 1970, to 400,000 by 1990, and eventually swelled to about 1

5 million by 1997

Today the intricate warren of alleyways and old-fashioned tenement blocks which makes up the old city within and around the walls contrasts dramatically with the sprawling suburbs of modern apartment blocks and cheaply-built gecekondu slums to the west

10-14-2012	#1
Prof. Dr. Sinsi	Diyarbakır Hakkında İngilizce Bilgi Diyarbakır hakkında ingilizce bilgi Diyarbakır is a major city in the Southeast of the Republic of Turkey Situated on the banks of the River Tigris, it is the seat of Diyarbakır Province, and has a population of 545,000 It is the second largest city in Turkey’s South-eastern Anatolia region, after Gaziantep Within Turkey, Diyarbakır is famed for its culture, folklore, and watermelons Diyarbakır has a large Kurdish population, and is sometimes referred to as the “unofficial capital” of the regions ethnic Kurds According to some scholars, the modern name “Diyarbakır” derives from “Diyârbekir”, an Ottoman Turkish Language rendering of the Persian compound “Diyâr-i Bekr” (“Land of the Bekr”), itself composed of the word “diyār” (ديار), which is Arabic for either “region” or “district”, followed by ” Bekr ” (بکر), it probably denoted the landholdings of the Arab Bekr tribe (which had settled in the area following the Islamic conquest of the 7th Century) In an analysis by the Kurdish scholar Mehrdad Izady of the Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations at Harvard University, the name Bakir is derived from the toponym Bagraoandene and is related to the Bagrawands or Bakrans tribal Kurdish names At various times the previous name Amid was written as Amida, and Kara Amid History Antiquity Amid(a) was the capital of the Aramean kingdom Bet-Zamani from the 13th century BC onwards Amid is the name used in the Syriac sources, which also testifies to the fact that it once was the seat of the Church of the East Patriarch and thus an Assyrian or Syriac stronghold that produced many famous Syriac theologians and Patriarchs; some of them found their final resting place in the St Mary Church There are many relics in the Church, such as the bones of the apostle Thomas and St Jacob of Sarug (d 521) The city was called Amida when the region was under the rule of the Roman (from 66 BC) and the succeeding Byzantine Empires From 189 BC to 384, the area to the east and south of present-day Diyarbakır, was ruled by a Kurdish kingdom known as Corduene In 359, Shapur II of Persia captured Amida after a siege of seventy-three days The Roman soldiers and a large part of the population of the town were massacred by the Persians The heroic siege is vividly described by Roman historian Ammianus Marcellinus who was an eyewitness of the event and survived the massacre by escaping from the town Armenian historians at one time hypothesized that Diyarbekir was the site of the ancient Armenian city of Tigranakert, (pronounced Dikranagerd in the Western Armenian dialect) and by the 19th century the Armenian inhabitants were referring to the city as Dikranagerd Scholarly research has shown that while the ancient Armenian city was in the close vicinity, it in fact is not the same place The real location of Dikranagerd remains debated, but Armenians who trace their ancestry to Diyarbekir continue to refer to themselves as “Dikranagerdtsi” (native of Dikranagerd) The “Dikranagerdtsi’s” or Armenians of Diyarbekir were noted for having one of the most unusual dialects of Armenian, hard to understand for a speaker of standard Armenian The Middle Ages In 639 the city was captured by the Arab armies of Islam and it remained in Arab hands until the Kurdish dynasty of Marwanid ruled the area during the 10th and 11th centuries After the Battle of Manzikert in 1085, the city came under the rule of the Mardin branch of Oghuz Turks and then the Anatolian Turkish Beylik of Artuklu (circa 1100-1250 in effective terms, although almost a century longer nominally) The whole area was then disputed between the Ilkhanate Turks and Ayyubid Kurdish dynasties for a century after which it was taken over by the rising Turkmen states of Kara Koyunlu (the Black Sheep) first and Ak Koyunlu (the White Sheep) The Ottoman Empire The city became part of the Ottoman Empire during Sultan Süleyman I’s campaign of Irakeyn (the two Iraqs, eg Arabian and Persian) in 1534 The Ottoman eyalet of Diyarbekir corresponded to Turkey’s southeastern provinces today, a rectangular area between the Lake Urmia to Palu and from the southern shores of Lake Van to Cizre and the beginnings of the Syrian desert, although its borders saw some changes over time The city was an important military base for controlling this area and at the same time a thriving city noted for its craftsmen, producing glass and metalwork For example the doors of Mevlana’s tomb in Konya were made in Diyarbakır, as were the gold and silver decorated doors of the tomb of Imam-i Azam in Baghdad In the 19th century, Diyarbakır prison had gained infamy throughout the Ottoman Empire as a site where political prisoners from the enslaved Balkan ethnicities were sent to serve harsh sentences for speaking or fighting for national freedom The 20th century The 20th century was a turbulent one for Diyarbakır During World War I most of the city’s Syriac and Armenian population was driven from the city After the surrender of the Ottoman Empire, French troops attempted to occupy the city The 41-year-old American-Turkish Pirinçlik Air Force Base near Diyarbakir, known as NATO’s frontier post for monitoring the former Soviet Union and the Middle East, completely closed on 30 September 1997 This return was the result of the general drawdown of US bases in Europe and improvement in space surveillance technology The base near the southeastern city of Diyarbakir housed sensitive electronic intelligence-gathering systems that kept an ear on the Middle East, Caucasus and Russia Diyarbakır today During the recent conflict, the population of the city grew dramatically as villagers from remote areas where fighting was serious left or were forced to leave for the relative security of the city Rural to urban movement has often been the first step in a migratory pattern that has taken large numbers of Kurds from the east to the west Diyarbakır, grew from 30,000 in the 1930s to 65,000 by 1956, to 140,000 by 1970, to 400,000 by 1990, and eventually swelled to about 15 million by 1997 Today the intricate warren of alleyways and old-fashioned tenement blocks which makes up the old city within and around the walls contrasts dramatically with the sprawling suburbs of modern apartment blocks and cheaply-built gecekondu slums to the west